Short-term effects and seasonal variation of ozone on daily hospital outpatient visits for childhood asthma in Lanzhou / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the effects of ozone (O3) concentrations measured with different approaches across different seasons on the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits, as well as the differentiation of such effects across different groups of patients.@*METHODS@#The outpatient data of three grade A tertiary hospitals in Lanzhou City spanning from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2017, as well as air pollution and meteorological data during the same period were collected. Considering the nonlinear relationship between O3 concentrations and the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits and meteorological factors, a generalized additive temporal sequence model was employed to analyze the short-term association between changes in O3 concentrations and the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits. Taking into account of the variations in O3 concentrations within 1 day, this study adopted different measurement approaches to address the three types of O3 exposures, namely, the maximum 1 h daily concentration (O3max1h), the maximum 8 h daily concentration (O38h) and the mean 24 h daily concentration (O324h) as the short term exposure indicators to O3, followed by a model-based analysis.@*RESULTS@#The increase in short-term exposure levels to O3 in summer had a significant effect on the increase in the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits. With lag0 for the current day, every 10 μg/m3 increase in atmospheric concentration of O3max1h was associated with an increase in the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits by 3.351% (95%CI: 1.231%-5.516%); for every 10 μg/m3 increase in O38h concentration, the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits increased by 3.320% (95%CI: 0.197%-3.829%); for every 10 μg/m3increase in O324h concentration, the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits in summer increased by 6.600% (95%CI: 0.914%-12.607%); moreover, an increase in exposure to O3max1h also led to a significant rise in the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits among the males.@*CONCLUSION@#The increase in short-term exposure levels to O3 in summer in Lanzhou City has a significant effect on the increase in the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits; O3max1h is more closely correlated with the increase in the total number of childhood asthma-related clinical visits.

Changes in sensitivity of bilateral medial vestibular nuclear neurons responding to input stimuli during vestibular compensation and the underlying ionic mechanism / 生理学报

Vestibular compensation is an important model for developing the prevention and intervention strategies of vestibular disorders, and investigating the plasticity of the adult central nervous system induced by peripheral injury. Medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) in brainstem is critical center for vestibular compensation. Its neuronal excitability and sensitivity have been implicated in normal function of vestibular system. Previous studies mainly focused on the changes in neuronal excitability of the MVN in lesional side of the rat model of vestibular compensation following the unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL). However, the plasticity of sensitivity of bilateral MVN neurons dynamically responding to input stimuli is still largely unknown. In the present study, by using qPCR, whole-cell patch clamp recording in acute brain slices and behavioral techniques, we observed that 6 h after UL, rats showed a significant deficit in spontaneous locomotion, and a decrease in excitability of type B neurons in the ipsilesional rather than contralesional MVN. By contrast, type B neurons in the contralesional rather than ipsilesional MVN exhibited an increase in response sensitivity to the ramp and step input current stimuli. One week after UL, both the neuronal excitability of the ipsilesional MVN and the neuronal sensitivity of the contralesional MVN recovered to the baseline, accompanied by a compensation of spontaneous locomotion. In addition, the data showed that the small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channel involved in the regulation of type B MVN neuronal sensitivity, showed a selective decrease in expression in the contralesional MVN 6 h after UL, and returned to normal level 1 week later. Pharmacological blockage of SK channel in contralateral MVN to inhibit the UL-induced functional plasticity of SK channel significantly delayed the compensation of vestibular motor dysfunction. These results suggest that the changes in plasticity of the ipsilesional MVN neuronal excitability, together with changes in the contralesional MVN neuronal sensitivity, may both contribute to the development of vestibular symptoms as well as vestibular compensation, and SK channel may be an essential ionic mechanism responsible for the dynamic changes of MVN neuronal sensitivity during vestibular compensation.

Effect of Allicin on Learning and Memory Ability of Vascular Dementia Rats and Its Mechanism / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of allicin （ALL） on learning and memory ability of rats with vascular dementia （VD） and the possible mechanism. Method:The VD rats induced by modified bilateral common carotid artery occlusion （BCCAO） were randomly divided into the VD group， low- and high-dose ALL （ALL-L and ALL-H） groups， and the sham operation （S） group， with 15 rats in each group. In the ALL-L and ALL-H groups， ALL was injected into the femoral vein at 5 mg·kg^-1 and 20 mg·kg^-1， respectively， while the same volume of normal saline was injected in the S and VD groups， once a day， for two successive weeks. Morris water maze （MWM） was used to test the learning and memory ability of rats. Hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining was conducted to observe the pathological changes in hippocampal tissue， followed by the detection of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-<italic>α</italic> （TNF-<italic>α</italic>）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， and IL-1<italic>β</italic> as well as oxidative stress indexes malondialdehyde （MDA）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） in rat hippocampus. The apoptosis of hippocampal cells was detected by TdT-mediated dUTP Nick end Labeling（TUNEL） assay. The expression levels of apoptosis and autophagy-related proteins cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease-3 （Caspase-3）， B-cell lymphoma 2 （Bcl-2）， Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， microtubule-associated protein light chain 3Ⅱ （LC3Ⅱ）， LC3Ⅰ， and the mammalian homolog of yeast ATG6 （Beclin 1） in hippocampus were determined by Western blot. Result:The comparison with the VD group revealed that the learning and memory abilities of rats in the ALL-H and ALL-L groups were significantly improved （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. The TNF-<italic>α</italic>， IL-6， IL-1<italic>β</italic>， and MDA levels in hippocampus were lowered （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， whereas the SOD and GSH-Px activities were enhanced （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. The apoptosis rates were declined （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， with an even lower rate noticed in the ALL-H group （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. The expression levels of Caspase-3， Bax， LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio， and Beclin-1 in the ALL-H and ALL-L groups were significantly down-regulated in contrast to those in the VD group （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， while that of Bcl-2 was up-regulated （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. The ALL-H group exhibited better performances than the ALL-L group （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Conclusion:ALL could improve the learning and memory ability of VD rats to some extent， which may be attributed to its inhibition against inflammatory reaction， oxidative stress， and neuronal apoptosis and autophagy.

Biomarkers enhance the long-term predictive ability of the KAMIR risk score in Chinese patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score is recommended by current ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) guidelines. But it has inherent defects. The present study aimed to investigate the more compatible risk stratification for Chinese patients with STEMI and to determine whether the addition of biomarkers to the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR) score could enhance its predictive value for long-term outcomes.@*METHODS@#A total of 1093 consecutive STEMI patients were included and followed up 48.2 months. Homocysteine, hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were detected. The KAMIR score and the GRACE score were calculated. The performance between the KAMIR and the GRACE was compared. The predictive power of the KAMIR alone and combined with biomarkers were assessed by the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve.@*RESULTS@#The KAMIR demonstrated a better risk stratification and predictive ability than the GRACE (death: AUC = 0.802 vs. 0.721, P < 0.001; major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE): AUC = 0.683 vs. 0.656, P < 0.001). It showed that the biomarkers could independently predict death [homocysteine: HR = 1.019 (1.015-1.024), P < 0.001; hs-CRP: HR = 1.052 (1.000-1.104), P = 0.018; NT-pro BNP: HR = 1.142 (1.004-1.280), P = 0.021] and MACE [homocysteine: HR = 1.019 (1.015-1.024), P < 0.001; hs-CRP: HR = 1.012 (1.003-1.021), P = 0.020; NT-pro BNP: HR = 1.136 (1.104-1.168), P = 0.006]. When they were used in combination with the KAMIR, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) significantly increased for death [homocysteine: AUC = 0.802 vs. 0.890, Z = 5.982, P < 0.001; hs-CRP: AUC = 0.802 vs. 0.873, Z = 3.721, P < 0.001; NT-pro BNP: AUC = 0.802 vs. 0.871, Z = 2.187, P = 0.047; homocysteine, hs-CRP and NT-pro BNP: AUC = 0.802 vs. 0.940, Z = 6.177, P < 0.001] and MACE [homocysteine: AUC = 0.683 vs. 0.771, Z = 6.818, P < 0.001; hs-CRP: AUC = 0.683 vs. 0.712, Z = 2.022, P = 0.031; NT-pro BNP: AUC = 0.683 vs. 0.720, Z = 2.974, P = 0.003; homocysteine, hs-CRP and NT-pro BNP: AUC = 0.683 vs. 0.789, Z = 6.900, P < 0.001].@*CONCLUSION@#The KAMIR is better than the GRACE in risk stratification and prognosis prediction in Chinese STEMI patients. A combination of above-mentioned biomarkers can develop a more predominant prediction for long-term outcomes.

Efficacy and safety of occlusion therapy for patent ductus arteriosus infants in plateau and sub-plateau of Gansu Province, China / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of occlusion therapy for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) infants in Gansu plateau and sub-plateau of China. Methods: A total of 300 PDA infants treated in Gansu Provincial People's Hospital between Jan. 2008 and Jan. 2018, including 123 patients from plateau area and 177 patients from sub-plateau area, were enrolled in this study. Their ages ranged from 6 months to 3 years. Anterior right heart catheter was blocked for measuring pulmonary artery pressure before occlusion during surgery. Different occlusion devices were selected according to the characteristics of PDA during the operation. Occlusion treatment for PDA patients with mild pulmonary hypertension was processed and testing occlusion was given to patients with moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension. After 1, 3, and 6 months follow-up, electrocardiogram, echocardiography and other data were examined, and changes in pulmonary artery pressure were evaluated based on the rate of tricuspid regurgitation. Results: A total of 300 patients receiving angiography showed defects, with the defect diameter being 1-10 (4.5 ± 2.8) mm before operation. After occlusion, 293 infants had no residual shunt. Totally 299 patients were successfully operated, and 97 patients with moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension were tested for hyperoxia and 21 infants with oxygen saturation <95% were given testing occlusion operation. And 235 patients were successfully blocked with PDA occlude, 53 micro-arterial catheters were occluded with German PFM Duct-Occlud, and 11 treated with ventricular septal defect occlude. One case aged 3 years old gave up treatment due to elevation of pulmonary artery pressure immediately after occlusion. Pulmonary systolic pressure and mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased in 299 patients 6 months after operation. Conclusion: Occlusion therapy is a reliable method for PDA infants in plateau and sub-plateau areas of Gansu Province, China, with definite curative effect and high success rate. Testing occlusion is a reliable method for identifying severe pulmonary hypertension, and choosing an appropriate occlusion device according to the individual conditions can achieve promising clinical outcomes.

Advance in Relationship between Cerebral Hemodynamics and Clinical Manifestations after Cranioplasty (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

Cranioplasty is one of the common operations in neurosurgery at present. It can not only restore the integrity of the cranial cavity and meet the aesthetic requirements, but also relieve the clinical symptoms of headache, dizziness, fatigue, mood swings and so on. Cranioplasty can improve cerebral hemodynamics to promote the recovery of neurological function. The researches on relationship between cerebral hemodynamics and clinical symptoms were reported in recent years. However, the results were not consistent. Cranioplasty is recommended as early as permit.

Facilitation of spinal α-motoneuron excitability by histamine and the underlying ionic mechanisms / 生理学报

Spinal α-motoneurons directly innervate skeletal muscles and function as the final common path for movement and behavior. The processes that determine the excitability of motoneurons are critical for the execution of motor behavior. In fact, it has been noted that spinal motoneurons receive various neuromodulatory inputs, especially monoaminergic one. However, the roles of histamine and hypothalamic histaminergic innervation on spinal motoneurons and the underlying ionic mechanisms are still largely unknown. In the present study, by using the method of intracellular recording on rat spinal slices, we found that activation of either H or H receptor potentiated repetitive firing behavior and increased the excitability of spinal α-motoneurons. Both of blockage of K channels and activation of Na-Ca exchangers were involved in the H receptor-mediated excitation on spinal motoneurons, whereas the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels were responsible for the H receptor-mediated excitation. The results suggest that, through switching functional status of ion channels and exchangers coupled to histamine receptors, histamine effectively biases the excitability of the spinal α-motoneurons. In this way, the hypothalamospinal histaminergic innervation may directly modulate final motor outputs and actively regulate spinal motor reflexes and motor execution.

Histamine Excites Rat GABAergic Ventral Pallidum Neurons via Co-activation of H1 and H2 Receptors / 神经科学通报·英文版

The ventral pallidum (VP) is a crucial component of the limbic loop of the basal ganglia and participates in the regulation of reward, motivation, and emotion. Although the VP receives afferent inputs from the central histaminergic system, little is known about the effect of histamine on the VP and the underlying receptor mechanism. Here, we showed that histamine, a hypothalamic-derived neuromodulator, directly depolarized and excited the GABAergic VP neurons which comprise a major cell type in the VP and are responsible for encoding cues of incentive salience and reward hedonics. Both postsynaptic histamine H1 and H2 receptors were found to be expressed in the GABAergic VP neurons and co-mediate the excitatory effect of histamine. These results suggested that the central histaminergic system may actively participate in VP-mediated motivational and emotional behaviors via direct modulation of the GABAergic VP neurons. Our findings also have implications for the role of histamine and the central histaminergic system in psychiatric disorders.

The effect of galangin on the inhibition of proliferation and invasion of human lung cancer cells and its mechanism / 天津医药

Objective To explore the effect of galangin on the inhibition of proliferation and invasion in human lung cancer A549 cell lines and its mechanism thereof. Methods MTS assay was employed to detect the ability of cell proliferation with different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 100μmol/L) of galangin after A549 cells were cultured in 96 well-plate. Transwell assay was employed to detect the ability of cell invasion. Western blot assay was employed to detect the protein expression levels of Survivin, p27, CD44, ICAM, MMP-2/9 and the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. Results The cell proliferation rate of A549 cell line was suppressed with increased concentration of galangin treatment, and IC50 was 44.7μmol/L. The concentrations of 10μmol/L and 20μmol/L were used for the following study. The ability of cell invasion was decreased with 0, 10 and 20μmol/L concentrations of galangin treatment (P<0.05). The protein expression of p27 was increased and the expressions of other proteins were decreased with 0, 10 and 20μmol/L galangin treatmenmt (P<0.05). Conclusion Galangin can significantly inhibit the cell proliferation and invasion of human lung cancer A549 cell line, and which is a potential anti-lung cancer drug. The mechanisms may be related with the regulated related gene expression and the inhibited phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT.

Subthalamic nucleus: from circuits, functions to a deep brain stimulation target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease / 生理学报

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is the only excitatory glutamatergic nucleus in the basal ganglia circuitry. It not only is a key node in the classical indirect pathway, but also forms the "hyperdirect" pathway directly connecting the cortex, and even is implicated as a pacemaker for activity of whole basal ganglia. Due to the key position of STN in the basal ganglia circuitry, the STN is an optimal target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the neurosurgical treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the therapeutic mechanisms underlying the amelioration of parkinsonian motor dysfunctions induced by DBS on STN remain enigmatic. This paper reviews recent progresses in the studies on the input-output configurations and functions of STN in the basal ganglia circuitry, and summarizes the hypotheses for mechanisms of DBS for the treatment of motor dysfunctions in PD. Studying on the DBS mechanisms will not only help to develop strategies for treatment of PD, but also contribute to the understanding of functions of the basal ganglia circuitry.

Expression and Function of Long Non-coding RNA CASC19 in Colorectal Cancer / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the expression, function and significance of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) CASC19 in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was employed to determine the expression of CASC19 in 40 paired samples from CRC surgical specimens and 5 CRC cell lines. The correlations of CASC19 expression with clinicopathologic parameters were analyzed. Transwell assay was applied to detect the migration ability of CRC cells after the CASC19 expression was knocked down by small interfering RNA. Results The expression of CASC19 in colorectal cancer was significantly higher than those in adjacent normal mucosa tissues (t=5.527, P<0.000 1) and was associated with metastasis (P=0.044). Knockdown of CASC19 expression in CRC inhibited the migration ability of CRC in vitro. Conclusions The expression of CASC19 increases in CRC. CASC19 expression is not associated with age, gender, or tumor site/differentiation but with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis, suggesting high CASC19 expression may promote CRC metastasis.

A systematic review on efficacy and safety of gasless laparoscopy in the management of uterine leiomyoma / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Uterine leiomyoma causes considerable morbidity in women. This study systematically reviewed the efficacy and safety of gasless laparoscopic myomectomy (GLM) in the management of uterine leiomyoma by comparing GLM with other minimally invasive procedures. Cochrane Library, Pub- Med, EMBASE, Web of Science, WANFANG database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched for studies published in English or Chinese between January 1995 and May 2015, and related references were traced. Study outcomes from randomized controlled trials and retrospective cohort studies were presented as mean difference (MD) or odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Seventeen studies (including 1862 patients) meeting the inclusion criteria, including 934 treated with GLM and 928 treated with other minimally invasive procedures were reviewed. The results of meta-analysis revealed that GLM resulted in significantly shorter operating time [MD=-10.34, 95% CI (-18.12,-2.56), P<0.00001], shorter hospital stay [MD=-0.47, 95% CI (-0.88,-0.06)], less time to flatus [MD=-2.04, 95% CI (-2.59,-1.48)], less postoperative complications [OR=0.20, 95% CI (0.06, 0.62)] and less blood loss [MD =-30.74, 95% CI (-47.50,-13.98)]. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in duration of post-operative fever [MD=-0.52, 95% CI (-1.46, 0.42)] between the two groups. Additionally, GLM was associated with lower febrile morbidity, lower postoperative abdominal pain, and higher postoperative hemoglobin than other minimally invasive procedures for the treatment of uterine leiomyoma. In conclusion, GLM and other minimally invasive procedures are feasible, safe, and reliable for uterine leiomyoma treatment. However, available studies show that GLM is more effective and safer than other minimally invasive approaches.

A systematic review on efficacy and safety of gasless laparoscopy in the management of uterine leiomyoma / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Uterine leiomyoma causes considerable morbidity in women. This study systematically reviewed the efficacy and safety of gasless laparoscopic myomectomy (GLM) in the management of uterine leiomyoma by comparing GLM with other minimally invasive procedures. Cochrane Library, Pub- Med, EMBASE, Web of Science, WANFANG database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched for studies published in English or Chinese between January 1995 and May 2015, and related references were traced. Study outcomes from randomized controlled trials and retrospective cohort studies were presented as mean difference (MD) or odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Seventeen studies (including 1862 patients) meeting the inclusion criteria, including 934 treated with GLM and 928 treated with other minimally invasive procedures were reviewed. The results of meta-analysis revealed that GLM resulted in significantly shorter operating time [MD=-10.34, 95% CI (-18.12,-2.56), P<0.00001], shorter hospital stay [MD=-0.47, 95% CI (-0.88,-0.06)], less time to flatus [MD=-2.04, 95% CI (-2.59,-1.48)], less postoperative complications [OR=0.20, 95% CI (0.06, 0.62)] and less blood loss [MD =-30.74, 95% CI (-47.50,-13.98)]. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in duration of post-operative fever [MD=-0.52, 95% CI (-1.46, 0.42)] between the two groups. Additionally, GLM was associated with lower febrile morbidity, lower postoperative abdominal pain, and higher postoperative hemoglobin than other minimally invasive procedures for the treatment of uterine leiomyoma. In conclusion, GLM and other minimally invasive procedures are feasible, safe, and reliable for uterine leiomyoma treatment. However, available studies show that GLM is more effective and safer than other minimally invasive approaches.

Research Progress on Individual Identification Using Forensic Imaging Data under the Influence of Evidence Rule / 法医学杂志

With the progress and development of the DNA test and imaging technique, and the evolution of evidence rule which bring the discussions about whether the individual identification using imaging data is outdated, and other disputes such as whether radiologic evidence could be suitable for contemporary evidence and be used to solve the posture difference of imaging test. This article summaries the domestic and foreign researches of individual identification using imaging data in the past 20 years and reviews the problems above.

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in the male reproductive system: A clinicopathological analysis / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>Objective</b>To investigate the pathological characteristics, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) in the male reproductive system.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We obtained the clinicopathological features, immunophenotypes, and electron microscopic findings of 11 male patients with ERMS in the reproductive system from 2000 to 2015, analyzed the data, and reviewed relevant literature.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>ERMS developed in these patients at a median age of 17 (9－58) years, 3 cases in the testis, 4 in the scrotum, 1 in the epididymis, and 3 in the prostate. ERMS presented no clinical specificity, which made it difficult to be differentiated from inflammatory and other benign lesions. Microscopically, the tumor cells were arranged in a diffuse or fascicular distribution and mainly composed of short spindle-like, round, or irregularly shaped cells with nuclear hyperchromatism, the cytoplasm strongly eosinophilic, with differentiation of the striated muscle. Some of the cells were naively differentiated or tennis racket-shaped and some exhibited vacuolar degeneration in the cytoplasm. The nuclei were round or short spindle-shaped with visible nucleoli and mitoses. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for Myogenin (5/6), Desmin (11/11), MyoD1 (8/9), and Myosin (1/2). Electron microscopy revealed early myofibrils in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>ERMS is a rare and highly malignant tumor characterized by local invasion and early metastasis and apt to develop in the reproductive system of young males. The diagnosis of the malignancy is mainly based on its histopathological and immunohistochemical manifestations, combined with electron microscopy when necessary. Early surgical resection in combination with radio- and chemotherapy is recommended for its treatment, which could reduce the recurrence of the tumor and improve the survival of the patients.</p>

Papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis: a report of 2 cases and review of the literature / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the clinicopathological characteristics of papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using routine pathology and immunohistochemistry, we observed the surgically obtained samples from 2 cases of papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis, analyzed their pathological features and clinical presentations, and reviewed the related literature.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 2 patients were both adult males. The tumors typically manifested as painless swelling in the epididymis, with occasionally dull pain and tenesmus in 1 of the cases. Pathologically, the lesions exhibited three morphological features, i. e., dilated ducts and small cysts surrounded by fibrous connective tissue, adenoid papillary hyperplasia into the cysts embraced by fibrovascular stroma, and acidophil substance present in the cysts. Immunohistochemistry showed that the tumors were strongly positive for CK8/18, CK7, and EMA, but negative for CK20, CEA, MC, Calretenin, P53, P63, SMA, VHL, and CD10, with the positive rate of Ki-67 <1%. Follow-up visits revealed good prognosis in both cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis is a rare benign tumor in the male urogenital system, which may be accompanied by the VHL syndrome. Surgery is the first choice for its treatment.</p>

Factors Related with Infection and Local Epidural Hematoma after Cranioplasty: A Retrospective Analysis / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To explore the factors associated with the complications of cranioplasty, infection and local epidural hematoma, such as age, sex, primary disease, skull defect and concomitant hydrocephalus. Methods 211 patients after cranioplasty were reviewed. Results 8 cases (3.8%) complicated one of them, in which 6 cases with local epidural hematoma and 2 cases with infection. The infection was more likely related with the areas of skull defect (P=0.003). No factor was found related with the local epidural hematoma. Conclusion It is necessary to focus the size of the frontal sinus when repairing the the frontal bone, to avoid the screw into the frontal sinus caused infection.

Primary neuroendocrine tumor of the testis: clinicopathological study of 7 cases / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of primary neuroendocrine tumor (NET) of the testis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using light microscopy and immunohistochemistry, we studied 7 cases of primary NET of the testis, reviewed relevant literature, and analyzed the clinical manifestations, histomorphologic and immunohistochemical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of the tumor.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 7 male patients, at the mean age of 40.6 years, all presented with testicular painless masses, none accompanied with carcinoid syndrome. Histologically, the uniform tumor cells were arranged in trabecular, island, solid and/or flake structures and locally in a tubulo glandular pattern, round and polygonal in shape, with a small amount of lipid vacuoles in the eosinophilic cytoplasm. The cells had round nuclei with fine chromatin and rarely identified mitosis. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the tumor cells were positive for Syn, CgA, NSE and CK, with a Ki-67 positive rate of < 2%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Primary NET of the testis is a rare and low-grade malignancy. Early diagnosis and surgical resection are essential for good prognosis. Immunohistochemistry helps its diagnosis and differential diagnosis from other metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma, teratomas with carcinoid, seminoma, and Sertoli cell tumor.</p>

Wild resources survey of Marsdenia tenacissima in Honghe, Yunnan / 中国中药杂志

To ascertain current situation of wild Marsdenia tenacissima resources in Honghe, Yunnan province, the distribution, habitat characteristic and resources reserves of M. tenacissima were surveyed based on interviews and investigation. The results showed that M. tenacissima was found in 7 counties such as Jinping, Mengzi etc, and distributed mainly on the mountainsides from 800 m to 1 200 m. And distribution was affected by many factors, such as light, heat, topography, soil, and vegetation. M. tenacissima grew well in distribution areas. M. tenacissima had averagely a weight of 2.8 kg per plant. Resources reserve of M. tenacissima in Honghe was estimated to 1 300 tons by now but it reduced rapidly in resent years, the wild resources reserve may not meet demand of market. Resources protection and wildlife tending would be conducted to deal with increasing medication requirements.